美国会美中经济与安全评估委员会报告　中美关系部分节录

美国国会的咨询机构美中经济与安全审查委员会（U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission，USCC）周三（14日）发表2018年年度报告，论及中美关系、并提到香港及台湾现况；报告又建议美国国会采取广泛的措施，抗衡中国全球扩张战略、贸易做法和海外影响力。以下部分内容原文翻译。

▼年度报告论及中美关系：

报告对中国侵犯知识产权，以及中国政府对国有企业的不当补贴导致市场扭曲表示担忧，敦促华府尽快采取措施。委员会亦要求相关机构调查美国研究人员以及企业的知识产权是否得到充分保护。对与美国有关联的中国研究人员，也要求调查他们跟中国官方和军方关系。

对于中国的不公平贸易行为，美国试图通过《贸易法》、提案予世贸（WTO）及贸易手段来解决。特朗普政府的贸易政策，主要是针对中国侵犯知识产权、中美贸易逆差不断增加，以及（美国）过度依赖钢铁及铝进口等因素所造成的国家安全风险。

原文节录：The United States has sought to address unfair Chinese trade practices in part by using mechanisms codified in U.S. trade laws, bringing cases to the World Trade Organization, and threatening additional trade actions. The Trump Administration’s trade policies target Chinese technology transfer requirements and insufficient intellectual property protections, the growing U.S. trade deficit, and national security risks posed by an overreliance on steel and aluminum imports, among other factors.

中国政府制定的产业政策令外国企业处于不利位置，当中包括征收关税，对国有企业实施不当补贴、限制外国企业拥有权、强制转让或盗窃知识产权及技术等。有关政策让中国的技术得以进步。中国加入世贸后获取巨大经济利益。但入世15年多，中国政府及国有企业一再违反世贸承诺，破坏多边贸易体制，扭转众多承诺。

原文节录：The Chinese government structures industrial policies to put foreign firms at a disadvantage and to help Chinese firms. Among the policies the Chinese government uses to achieve its goals are subsidies, tariffs and local content requirements, restrictions on foreign ownership, intellectual property (IP) theft and forced technology transfers, technical standards that promote Chinese technology usage and licensing, and data transfer restrictions.

China has reaped tremendous economic benefits from its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), and participation in the rules-based, market-oriented international order. However, more than 15 years after China’s accession, the Chinese government's state-driven industrial policies repeatedly violate its WTO commitments and undermine the multilateral trading system, and China is reversing on numerous commitments.

国会应指示政府审计办公室评估美中的技术合作，有关评估应调查资金及参与者等合作性质；详细说明许可及监管制度；调查美国研究人员以及企业的知识产权是否得到充分保护；调查与美国有关联的中国研究人员与中国官方和军方关系；调查参与中国合作的美国公司、大学或实验室是否受到中国网络渗透影响；并评估有关合作对美国的好处。

原文节录：Congress direct the Government Accountability Office to conduct an assessment of U.S.-China collaborative initiatives in technical cooperation. This assessment should describe the nature of collaboration, including funding, participation, and reporting on the outcomes; detail the licensing and regulatory regime under which the initiatives occur; consider whether the intellectual property rights of U.S. researchers and companies are being ade- quately protected; examine whether Chinese state-owned enter- prises or the military are benefitting from U.S. taxpayer-funded research; investigate if any Chinese researchers participating in the collaboration have ties to the Chinese government or military; investigate if any U.S. companies, universities, or labs participating in U.S. government-led collaboration with China have been subject to cyber penetration originating in China; and evaluate the benefits of this collaboration for the United States.

▼年度报告论及香港：

随着北京政府及港府逐步减少反对派表达意见的空间，香港的言论及集会自由在2018年的挑战继续增加。港府首次禁止主张香港独立的香港民族党运作，引发外界忧虑当局会通过国安法，进一步令反对派及其支持者噤声。港府亦在无解释的情况下拒绝为香港外国记者协会（FCC）副会长续办工作签证。观察人士认为，此举是报复FFC在2018年8月邀请香港民族党召集人演讲。随着中国大陆对香港的影响愈来愈多，本港记者及媒体自我审查的情况亦愈见普遍。

原文节录：In 2018, challenges to freedom of speech and assembly in Hong Kong continue to increase as Beijing and the Hong Kong government closed down the political space for prodemocracy activists to express discontent. For the first time, the Hong Kong government banned a political party (the Hong Kong National Party, which advocates for Hong Kong’s independence from China), raising concerns that it may lead to the passage of national security legislation that would allow the government to further silence prodemocracy organizations and supporters. The Hong Kong government also denied a visa renewal to the vice president of the Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents’ Club without explanation; observers believe the denial was in retaliation for the club’s August 2018 event hosting the head of the Hong Kong National Party. Self-censorship has become increasingly prevalent in Hong Kong among journalists and media organizations due to mainland China’s rising presence in the territory.

美国根据1992年《美国－香港政策法》香港在一国两制框架下的人权、民主及自治，这能保证香港作为国际金融贸易港能促进美国利益。在香港与中国大陆存在领土分隔的前提下，美国才对香港出口敏感科技。不过，在北京持续侵犯香港自治权，令香港的法治及言论令人不安地持续下降。

原文节录：U.S. policy toward Hong Kong, as outlined in the U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992, underscores U.S. support for Hong Kong’s human rights, democratization, and autonomy under the “one country, two systems” framework. The preservation of Hong Kong’s way of life and maintenance of its status as a global financial and business hub help facilitate U.S. interests. U.S. considerations regarding the export of sensitive U.S. technology to Hong Kong are also predicated on the territory’s separation from the Mainland. In this light, the ongoing decline in rule of law and freedom of expression due to Beijing’s increasing encroachment on Hong Kong’s autonomy is a troubling development.

美中经济与安全审查委员会成立于2000年，持续调查美中经济关系对美国安全的影响，并向有关方面提出建议。

（美中经济与安全审查委员会2018年年度报告）